Research Progress on DrugResistanceMechanisms in Breast Cancer

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Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in women worldwideand a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in female patients. Clinical treatment strategies for breast cancer mainly includechemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, which significantly improve the survival rate of early and locallyadvanced breast cancer patients. However, drug resistance, includingprimary and acquired resistance, remains the core bottleneck restrictingthe long-term efficacy of clinical treatment and leading totumor recurrence and distant metastasis. The mechanism of breast cancer drugresistance is extremely complex, involving the synergistic effect of genetic mutation, epigenetic modification, tumor microenvironment regulation, cancer stem cell plasticity, abnormal signal pathway activation, and metabolic reprogramming. In recent years, with the rapiddevelopment of molecular biology, transcriptomics, and proteomicstechnologies, the in-depth exploration of breast cancer drug resistancemechanisms has achieved remarkable progress. This reviewsystematically summarizes the latest research progress on the keymechanisms of breast cancer drug resistance, sorts out the core regulatorypathways of resistance to chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and targetedtherapy, and discusses potential reversal strategies and clinical transformation prospects, aiming to provide theoretical reference for thedevelopment of new targeted drugs and individualized treatment schemesfor drug-resistant breast cancer.

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